With respect to the importance of civic participation as the main index of social development, this research aims at studying the rate of female civic participation, and its categories, according to the conceptual apparatus of Putnam. The research was carried out by means of a survey, using a questionnaire; during which 370 women, aged 18 to 45 years old, from Aleshtar, were interviewed. Findings show that the average rate of civic participation among women was equivalent to 59.2%, which, on a scale of 0 to 100, was evaluated as intermediate. Among the categories of civic participation, religious activities were ranked most prominent, with institutional (associational) activities being least popular. Multiple regression analysis, shows that women’s civic participation is based on the intensity of relationship, which is interconnected with variables such as the amount of available resources, scope of social relations, social efficacy, marriage status and age. The above variables explain a 54% overall change in women’s civic participation. At the conclusion of this study, implications of the findings in the field of future studies and cultural and social policy making, have been discussed.

Objective: This article probesto answer that which are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of citizens' participation in civic affairs in Tehran? This is achieved through studying social, cultural, economic, political-managerial, legal, and spatial-physical aspects of the subject-providing the basis upon which planners can formulate strategies and models for citizens' participation in short-, medium-, and long-term plans.Method: Benefiting from a qualitative approach and relying on in-depth interviews and open questions, information on social, cultural, economic, political-managerial, legal, and spatial physical aspects of citizen's participation has gathered with the aim of providing a SWOT analysis. A statistic community consist of 60 prefessors, urban planning and social science experts, and public sector officials were selected from the several University of Tehran and Socio-Cultural Bureau of Tehran  Municipality have been selected and Studied with aimed and access able sampling. Findings and Conclusion: The Results indicated that citizens' participation in Iran specially in Tehran faces with the number of structural, socio-cultural, political-managerial, legal, and juridical impediments. Despite the current impediments various strengths and oppor tunities for establishment and empower of citizens's participation in civic Affairs exist for there more weaknesses and thresats of participation from the citizens and city management has affected the partiction. yet the necessity citizens practipation in the affairs is not be recognized by the Urban managers and cibizens. The citizens participation is mostly super facial and symbolic.

This paper reviews the citizen media and studies the fourth generation of communication development theories emphasizes on participatory communication. In this kind of theories the cibizen's parbicipation and their activeness is the center of case instead of the public Accessibility of media. Therefore providing an opportunity for dialogue through media and providing dialogue Democracy in the process of communication is considered as the basis of development in the local communities. In order to achieve the goal of communication development, the virtual networks prove to be a potential source and can depict the cooperation of locals without any physical locations. The case study in the paper is Fesharaki Family Network which is a successful example of a virtual Media with the motto of "think locally and act globally". Which Showes the capability of this class of Medias in the development.

Citizen participation is the outcome of democracy in the new era. It is the recognition of the dominating right of every human being in shaping their political, economic and cultural destiny. Meanwhile, according to Islamic teachings, people’ s participation is a fundamental doctrine and principle of the Islamic state. Therefore, the Islamic state is supposed to design a mechanism for realizing the upmost participation of the people. The research question involves factors contributing reinforcement or weakening of people's participation in different sections of the government. To identify these factors, the researchers selected Nahjulbalaghah, one of the most important sources of religious knowledge. Data analysis was conducted through the Maxqda strategy for thematic analysis. The results indicated that preventive and driving factors affecting citizenship participation are divided into two categories, each of which can have a public and governmental origin. In other words, both governments and citizens affect participation. The interactional power of preventive and driving forces create the level of balance of citizenship participation.

Civic participation is affected by different factors and variables. The aim of present study is to study the factors that influence residents’ civic participation. The data for this research was gathered by using survey method and a self-report questionnaire that involved 182 residents of Khoram Aabad city that were selected through a multi stage cluster sampling method. The results showed that there exists a direct and statistically significant relationship between social trust, perceived usefulness of civic participation, socialization for civic participation, and the social and economic status of residents with residents’ participation. Multiple regression analysis suggested that social trust, perceived usefulness of civic participation, and socialization for civic participation have direct and positive effects and that the social and economic status of residents has an indirect effect on residents’ civic participation.

Civil associations, as the foundations of democratic social order, play a significant role in the deconstruction of social categorization. This research article attempts to assess the experience and discerning of women of participation in civil institutions. This research employs the grounded theory. Methodologically, it is based on semi-structured interview with women who have the participation experience in civil institutions. The results of this research showed that the participation of women in civil institutions is contingent on the resources in their disposal and on their lived experiences; which in turn determines the extent of participation. In the meantime, self-redefining and self-rebuilding, development of civil ethics, the expansion of social solidarity and responsibility served as facilitators, whereas social disembeddedness, the de-contextualizing and de-temporalizing of femininity, and strengthening the creation of social opportunities being interveners. The semantic reconstruction of women’ s experience and understanding of social action implies the policy of the presence and sanctification of women's activism, efficiency, inner call, alleviating problems of life, and cultural subjection of femininity. Women’ s social actions in civil institutions are associated with a wide range of social, personal, and cultural consequences which falls under the category of empowering-structured core.

The present article intends to assess effective factors citizens' participation in civic management. It is based on findings of a field research in district 4 of Tabriz. The method of data collection was based on library, documental as well as field research. Research is of applied- developmental type and the research method is documental- analytical and survey oriented. To analyze data, the SPSS software has been used. Used Statistic methods for this research were Kendal, multivariate regression and Spearman. Ultimately, the following results were obtained: 1- Citizens' evaluation of participation consequences was positive and most of the citizens believed that they could be effective on civic management by their participation. Findings indicated that the most participation was in holding.ceremonies and local celebrations and the least participation was in reflecting problems to civic mangers. 2- The more the satisfaction of people about civic managers' services, the more the tendency for participation in civic management that this participation in the district under study was 0.42. 3- Findings show that the more the feeling of ownership, i.e. the duration of residence and the type of ownership, the more the participation of citizens. Case studies indicate that, in the district under study, the feeling of ownership was 0.48.4- At last, economic and social status of citizens is determinant in participation. By analyzing economic and social variables, it is determined that, with improving economic and social status, the extent of participation increases.

The administrator may, under the law or by contract, be responsible for the maintenance or care of the insane or the minor. Each of the supervisors, whether they are a legal parent or a contractor, such as a hospital or kindergarten, Minors or imminent maintenance will be responsible for the damages they will incur. If the offender is liable to pay damages to others, his or her customary parent will be liable for compensation, or there is disagreement. In Iran's law, according to Article 1167 of the Civil Code, "a child born of adultery does not join a woman", but by virtue of the unanimity of the decision of 617 dated 3/4/1376. The General Court of the Supreme Court of Zani is the customary father of the child As a result, all father-related duties, including obtaining a birth certificate, are vested in him; therefore, if the customary father who is the legal guardian of the child is to be guilty of his maintenance and the child will harm others, the customary father (Zani) will be liable for compensation under Article 7 of the Civil Liability Act. If the supervisor can not afford the compensation, the loss will be compensated by the insane or minor property. Whether the minor or the insane will compensate for the loss or the loss of his property is compensated by the successor, the difference in opinion of existence ; It seems that the minor can return to the guard if he / she receives compensation after compensation. In Iran's law, not only Article 7 of the Criminal Code has not been drafted against hypothetical or insane caretakers and has not been able to guarantee the rights of those who have suffered harm, as well as judicial and judicial procedures, because of the lack of explicit liability of guardians and guardians Minor or Immigrants in Islamic jurisprudence do not have an interest in Article 7 of the Criminal Code. Therefore, it is appropriate to look at the roots of such a responsibility in accordance with the principle of Tzibib in Islamic jurisprudence.